Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Confined to Eastern Eurasia, breeding temperate to tropical altitudes. Breeding in Southern, Southeastern and southern Eastern Asia; from Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, east to southern China, and south to Borneo, Sumatra and Java. Japan had a small population in the 19th century in the Okinawa Islands but it is presumed to be extinct (Takano & Kuroda 1969).

Movements

Mostly sedentary, except for northernmost birds breeding in China which migrate to lower altitudes to winter. Breeding birds in other areas move in relation to the availability of water.

Population limits

Perennou et al. (1994) recognized two wintering groups: (1) Southern Asia and (2) Eastern and Southeastern Asia, which has been followed by Rose & Scott (1994, 1997).

Population size

• Southern Asia: 100,000-1,000,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). Provisional numerical criterion 5,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).
• Eastern / Southeastern Asia: 100,000-1,000,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). Provisional numerical criterion 5,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Thailand
Nong Nam Khao N.H.A. ( Ban Hung Dua)	N1646E10006	Wintering	9535	1988/89winter	5	AWC
Beung Boraphet	N1542E10015	Wintering	20800	1990/91winter	2	AWC
Nong Waeng Non-Hunting Area	N1535E10216	Wintering	5000	1988/89winter	10	AWC
Cha-Vak Lake	N1455E10004	Wintering	32000	1993/94winter	11	AWC
Bung Cha-Vak	N1430E10000	Wintering	16383	1994/95winter	11	AWC
Kasetsart University (Kampaengsaen)	N1350E10005	Wintering	9000	1989/90winter	10	AWC
Vittayalai Rajmongkol Hantra University		Wintering	9500	1994/95winter	11	AWC
Myanmar
Mong Pai	N2000E09700	Wintering	8000	1994/95winter	11	AWC
Moyingyi	N1730E09635	Wintering	6328	1990/91winter	8	AWC
Kye-In		Wintering	5466	1990/91winter	11	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Mute Swan Cygnus olor

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Palearctic; patchily distributed but locally common across temperate regions of the Palearctic, mainly between 40°N and 60°N, from western Europe to northeast China. In Eastern Eurasia, breeds in Lake Baikal region, Mongolia and northern China, and winters in China and Korea. The species formerly bred in southern Primorskii Krai in Russian Far East in the beginning of the 20th century (Kostenko et al. 1989). It has been introduced into Japan, where there is a feral population of a hundred birds.

Movements

Truly wild populations mainly migratory; and spend the winter in more temperate latitudes. Feral populations mostly sedentary.

Population limits

Two wintering groups are recognised (Perennou et al. 1994): (1) Central Asia and (2) Eastern Asia.

Population size

• Central Asia : 10,000-25,000 (Rose & Scott 1997). Provisional numerical criterion 150.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 10,000-25,000.
• Eastern Asia: 1,000-3,000. 1% level 20.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated <1,000, following Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 1,000 (Lu 1995) or less than 3,000 (Zheng & Wang 1998) in China. There have been some records of wintering flock up to 41 birds in the Republic of Korea in 1989 - 1996 (Scott & Rose 1989, Perennou et al. 1990, Perennou & Mundkur 1991, 1992, Lopez & Mundkur 1997, Kim et al. 1996). Park, J-Y. (pers. comm. 1999) estimates the wintering population in the Republic of Korea as 40-60 birds. Japan has a feral population of 150 birds (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters, WPD-EAJ 1997), which is not included in as the Eastern Asia population. Based on the information available, a revised total population of 1,000-3,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Mongolia
Orog Nuur (Orok Nuur)	N4503E10045	Breeding	22	1962	11	Shiirevdamba 1997
Korea, Republic of
Hwajinpo Lake	N3828E12826	Wintering	47	1992/93winter	11	AWC
China
Ebinur (Aibi Hu)	N4455E08252	Breeding	108	1986summer	10	Zheng & Wang 1998
Sayram Hu (Sailim Hu)	N4435E08110	Breeding	100	-	11	Zheng & Wang 1998

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Palearctic, breeds widely at northern latitudes, mainly between 50°N and 70°N, from Iceland to the Bering Sea, and winters south to western Europe, the Black and Caspian Seas and Eastern Asia. In Eastern Eurasia, it breeds from Siberia to Russian Far East, south to Mongolia and northern China. It winters in China, Korea and Japan. Nesting on Attu Island, Aleutians in Alaska, USA, was confirmed in 1996 and 1997 (Sykes & Sonneborn 1998, Michell 1998). A small population of <50 individuals winters on the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands, Alaska (Mitchell 1998).

Movements

Mostly migratory, wintering in temperate latitudes, with some remaining throughout the winter in Kamchatka, Russia, and the Aleutians.

Population limits

Only one population is recognised in Eastern Eurasia.

Population size

• Central Siberia / Eastern Asia: 60,000. 1% level 600.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 30,000. However, the most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: <50 on the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands, Alaska (Mitchell 1998), 7,500-8,000 in Kamchatka, Russia (Gerasimov & Gerasimov 1990), 15,000 (Lu 1995) or 10,000-15,000 (Zheng & Wang 1998) in China, 500 in D.P.R. Korea (Pak 1995), 3,500 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999), and 30,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters, WPD-EAJ 1997). Based on the information available, a revised total population of 60,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Kharchinskoe Lake NR	N5632E16011	Summering	2000	-	11	Gerasimov 1995
Moroshechnaya River NR	N5630E15610	Summering	2000	-	11	Gerasimov 1995
Schmidt Peninsula	N5400E14230	Autumn	2700	1982autumn	11	Eryomin & Voronov 1984
Lake Bolon	N4948E13630	Spring	5000	1970s	11	Bocharnikov & Shibaev 1996
Mongolia
Sangiyn Dalay Nuur	N4915E09900	Summering	270	1995spring	11	Braunlich 1995
Korea, D.P.R.
Reservoirs in Yongsan-ri		Wintering	450	1994/95winter	11	Pak 1995
Korea, Republic of
Ch'olwon Basin	N3815E12913	Wintering	400	1989/90winter	11	AWC
Cheon Su Bay	N3631E12625	Wintering	482	1994/95winter	11	Won 1995
Kum gang Estuary	N3552E12640	Wintering	1212	1994-1996	11	Kim et al. 1996
Sannam, Junam & Tongpan Reservior	N3518E12841	Wintering	817	1992-1996	8	Kim et al. 1996
Nakdong gang Estuary	N3508E12854	Wintering	1655	1992-1996	1	Kim et al. 1996
Japan
Lake Notoro-ko	N4405E14405	Staging	400	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Notsuke Bay	N4335E14518	Staging	3155	1985-92	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Fukurojinuma	N4330E14145	Staging	650	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Miyajimanuma	N4320E14143	Staging	410	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Furen-ko	N4315E14514	Staging	10331	1986-92	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Akkeshi-ko	N4302E14442	Wintering	6050	1996/97winter	5	Albertsen & Mukai unpubl.
Kushiro Marsh	N4259E14424	Wintering	1500	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Mutsu Bay	N4103E14119	Wintering	1132	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Ogawara-ko	N4047E14120	Wintering	683	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Mawarizeki Reservoir	N4045E14020	Wintering	500	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Hachirogata Rice Fields	N4000E14000	Wintering	4015	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
River Tamagawa	N3935E14034	Wintering	979	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Shin-tsutsumi Reservoir	N3916E14105	Wintering	767	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
River Omono-gawa	N3913E14029	Wintering	573	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
River Mogami-gawa	N3853E13952	Wintering	3820	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lakes Izunuma & Uchinuma	N3843E14107	Wintering	976	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Naganuma	N3841E14108	Wintering	887	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
China
Sanjiang Nature Reserve	N4757E13423	Staging	400	1993spring	11	Zhang 1998
Xingkai Hu	N4515E13230	Staging	937	1995spring	11	Li et al. 1998
Bayinbuluke NR	N4250E08400	Summer	3130	-	11	Cai & Ma 1997
Qinghai Hu	N3650E10010	Wintering	1041	1990/91winter	11	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Bewick's Swan (Tundra Swan) Cygnus columbianus

Classification

Polytypic. Three subspecies have been described: the nominate form (Whistling Swan) in North America, C. c. bewickii in Western Eurasia and C. c. jankowski in eastern Asia. The validity of jankowski has been questioned because of the lack of any clear division between this and bewickii.

Distribution

Holarctic, breeds in Alaska, northern Canada and Arctic Russia and winters south to the USA, northwest Europe, the Caspian Sea and Eastern Asia. Only the subspecies jankowski occurs in Eastern Eurasia. This breeds in Arctic Russia east of the Lena delta, and winters in China, Korea and Japan.

Movements

Migratory; breeding in arctic latitudes and wintering in temperate latitudes. Several banded birds wintering in Japan has been recovered in the Chaunskaya Tundra (BMRCYIO 1985, Kistchinski 1979).

Population limits

Only one population is recognised in Eastern Eurasia.

Population size

• Central Siberia / Eastern Asia: 40,000. 1% level 400.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 30,000 following Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 10,000 in China (Lu 1995, Zheng & Wang 1998), 20 in D.P.R. Korea (Pak 1995), and 26,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters, WPD-EAJ 1997). In the Republic of Korea, wintering population level in an average year is between 500-1,000, with high of 1,300 in January 1992 and low of 156 in January 1999 (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999). Based on the information available, a revised total population of 40,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Kolyma Lowlands	N7000E15700	Summering	10000	1980-1990s	11	Mochalov 1997
Chaunskaya Tundra	N6900E16800	Summering	300	-	11	Andreev 1993
Korea, Republic of
Upper Kum River Estuary	N3545E12632	Wintering	905	1993/94winter	11	AWC
Nakdong gang Estuary	N3508E12854	Wintering	1130	1992-1996	1	Kim et al. 1996
Japan
Lake Kuccharo-ko	N4510E14220	Staging	20000	-	11	Hamatonbetsu Town
Lake Fukurojinuma	N4330E14145	Staging	1200	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Miyajimanuma	N4320E14143	Staging	3216	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Utonai-to	N4242E14143	Wintering	839	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Ogawara-ko	N4047E14120	Wintering	441	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Ezogatate Reservoir	N4045E14020	Wintering	500	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Mawarizeki Reservoir	N4045E14020	Wintering	2000	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Otomonuma Reservoir	N4010E14000	Wintering	3000	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Hachirogata Rice Fields	N4000E14000	Wintering	3568	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
River Mogami-gawa	N3853E13952	Wintering	2100	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
River Hasama-gawa, Wakayanagi Town	N3846E14108	Wintering	1227	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
River Hasama-gawa, Toyosato Town	N3834E14113	Wintering	425	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Kitashinbo-ooike Reservoir	N3810E13926	Wintering	728	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
River Shiroishi-gawa	N3803E14044	Wintering	466	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Fukushimagata	N3755E13916	Wintering	1420	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Toyanogata	N3753E13904	Wintering	1609	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Hyoko	N3750E13914	Wintering	2660	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Sakata	N3749E13853	Wintering	2585	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
River Shinano-gawa	N3737E13857	Wintering	949	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
River Abukuma-gawa	N3730E14026	Wintering	938	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Inawashiro-ko	N3728E14005	Wintering	1501	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Kamishigeoka Reservoir	N3719E14059	Wintering	460	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
River Natsui-gawa	N3705E14052	Wintering	587	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Ouchigata Rice Fields	N3655E13650	Wintering	823	1997/98winter	1	Sawada T. pers. comm.
Lake Nakaumi	N3527E13316	Wintering	1003	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Nougi Rice Fields	N3523E13314	Wintering	502	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
China
Qinghai Hu	N3650E10010	Wintering	403	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Chongming Island	N3130E12145	Wintering	1200	1989/90winter	10	AWC
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	2104	1991/92winter	1	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Swan Goose Anser cygnoides

Classification

Monotypic. Vulnerable (IUCN 1996, Green 1996).

Distribution

Confined to Eastern Asia, breeding in the southern part of eastern Siberia to Russian Far East, Mongolia and northeastern China, and wintering in eastern China and Korea. There is a breeding record of the species in Kamchatka in the 19th century (Taczanowski 1893, Lobkov 1986). Japan had lost a small but regular wintering flock by about 1950 (Brazil 1990).

Movements

Migratory, breeding around Lake Baikal to the Amur Basin and northern Sakhalin, south to Mongolia and northeastern China; wintering in eastern China, mainly in the Yangtze River Basin and coast of East China Sea, and with a small number in Korea. Number of birds staging in Korea in autumn and spring is larger than that in mid-winter.

Population limits

Only one population is recognised, viz. the entire population of the species.

Population size

• Entire population: Eastern Asia: 30,000-50,000. 1% level 400.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 50,000 following Callaghan & Green (1993). Callaghan (in prep.) estimated 30,000-50,000 following Lu (1996a). Korea has 1,800 (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999) - 2,000 (Pak 1995) individuals in the period of migration, but the total number in winter is <100 individuals (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999). Based on the information available, a revised total population of 30,000-50,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Ulbansky Lowland	N5336E13700	Breeding	-	-	11	Poyarkov, N.D. pers.comm.
North-west Sakhalin Lowlands	N5215E14200	Breeding	200	-	11	Bocharnikov & Shibaev 1996
Udyl lake	N5206E13945	Breeding	340	1979	11	Poyarkov 1984
Mongolia
Uldze River Basin	N4912E11337	Breeding	2600	1990-1994	11	Shiirevdamba 1997
Ayrag Nuur	N4853E09325	Summering	510	1995summer	11	Braunlich 1995
Ogii Nuur (Ugiy Nuur)	N4746E10246	Summering	1000	1977summer	11	Kitson 1978
Korea, D.P.R.
Chongch'on Gang Estuary	N3943E12524	Spring	2000	1995spring	11	Pak 1995
Korea, Republic of
Han gang Estuary	N3744E12640	Wintering	553	1994/95winter	11	AWC
China
Qing Dao	N3610E12010	Wintering	600	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Pangzhai	N3520E11420	Wintering	412	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Heigangkuo (Yellow River Delta)	N3408E11404	Wintering	1500	-	11	Wang et al. 1994
Jiangsu Coast	N3400E12030	Wintering	9100	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Sheyang Salt Works	N3341E12032	Wintering	505	1989/90winter	11	AWC
Yancheng Shore	N3330E12015	Wintering	12441	1989/90winter	10	AWC
Yancheng Nature Reserve	N3329E12040	Wintering	1456	1995/96winter	1	AWC
Dongtai Dunmengkou	N3300E12050	Wintering	1144	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Dongtai Liulishe	N3240E12050	Wintering	1198	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Gaoyou And Shabo Lakes	N3235E11920	Wintering	1100	1989/90winter	11	AWC
Shijiuhu	N3123E11847	Wintering	1350	1988/89winter	11	AWC
Shengjin Hu	N3021E11705	Wintering	1170	1993/94winter	11	AWC
Daxi + Xiaoxi + Chai Shang Lakes	N2927E11250	Wintering	5600	1995/96winter	11	AWC
East Dongting Hu Nature Reserve	N2911E11225	Wintering	5600	1995/96winter	1	Lei & Qian 1998
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	6617	1991/92winter	1	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Bean Goose Anser fabalis

Classification

Polytypic. Five subspecies have been described: A. f. fabalis of northern Europe; A. f. rossicus of northern Russia east to northwest Siberia; A. f. johanseni of north-central Asia; A. f. middendorfi of eastern Asia; and A. f. serrirostris of northeastern Asia. The validity of the central Asian johanseni has been questioned (e.g. by Burgers et al. 1991). Both of middendorfi and serrirostris are listed in the threatened taxa: Vulnerable (Green 1996).

Distribution

Palearctic, breeding widely across northern Eurasia and wintering south to southern Europe, the Central Asian Republics, China and Japan. Two subspecies occur in Eastern Asia. A. f. middendorfi breeds in the taiga zone from eastern Siberia to Russian Far East, and winters in China, Korea and Japan. A. f. serrirostris breed in the tundra zone of northern Siberia east of Taimyr Peninsula to northern Far East and Kamchatka, and winters in China, Korea, and Japan. A. f. johanseni breeds in the taiga and forested tundra zones of north-central Asia from the Urals to Lake Baikal, and winters from Turkmenistan to western China. (A. f. fabalis and A. f. rossicus breed in the taiga and tundra zones, respectively, of northern Europe and winter south to southern Europe).

Movements

Migratory, wintering mostly at temperate latitudes. Some marked individuals of A.f. serrirostris nesting in northwestern Kamchatka, Russia, have been recovered in China, and those in southwestern part have been resighted in Japan. Movements of individuals of both subspecies moulting in southwestern Kamchatka have been resighted in Japan with some marked A.f. serrirostris have been resighted in Korea. Some marked A.f. serrirostris moulting in the Kolyma Lowlands have been resighted in Korea. But there has been no recoveries in Korea or Japan of marked A.f. serrirostris breeding in the Anadyr Lowlands.

Population limits

Two populations are recognised in Eastern Asia, corresponding to the two forms. Up to 90% of individuals in the wintering flocks in Japan are being separated to these two forms (Kurechi et al. 1983). The distribution range of the two forms largely overlaps outside the nesting area, but due to ecological differences between the forms, different sites are used in many areas in their migration and wintering period. It is useful to separate the two forms into populations from a population management and conservation point of view.

Population size

• Anser fabalis middendorfi: Eastern Taiga (breeding): 50,000-70,000. 1% level 600.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 10,000-100,000 using coded ranges. Callaghan (in prep.) estimated 50,000-70,000 based on Miyabayashi (1994), J.Y. Park (verbally 1995), Lu (1995) and Pak (1995). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 50,000 in China (Lu 1995, 1999); 700 in D.P.R. Korea (Pak 1995); 6,000 in the Republic of Korea (1991/92 - 1998/99 winters, FRIK data: Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 6,000 in Japan (average of 1995/96 - 1997/98 winters, JAWGP unpublished data). Based on the information available, a revised total population of 50,000-70,000 is proposed.
• Anser fabalis serrirostris: Eastern Tundra (breeding): 45,000-65,000. 1% level 550.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 10,000-100,000 using coded ranges. Callaghan (in prep.) estimated 45,000-65,000 based on Miyabayashi (1994), J.Y. Park (verbally 1995), Lu (in litt. 1992) and Pak (1995). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 20,000 in China (Lu 1995, 1999); 30,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 6,000 in Japan (average of 1995/96 - 1997/98 winters, JAWGP unpublished data). Based on the information available, a revised total population of 45,000-65,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites (Populations: ta = Eastern Taiga population; tu = Eastern Tundra population)

Site	Coordinates	Season	Pop	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Kolyma Lowlands	N7000E15700	Summering	tu	2500	1991summer	11	Andreev 1993
Chaunskaya Tundra	N6930E17000	Summering	tu	-	-	11	Andreev 1993
Middle Kolyma Valley - Evseiskie Ostrova	N6900E15830	Staging	tu	-	-	11	Andreev 1993
Middle Omolon valley	N6700E15930	Breeding	ta	-	-	11	Andreev 1993
Utkholok NR	N5730E15700	Summering	tu	5000	-	11	Gerasimov 1995
Kharchinskoe Lake NR	N5632E16011	Staging	?	4000	1975-1990	11	Gerasimov & Gerasimov 1997a
Moroshechnaya River NR	N5630E15610	Moulting	ta	6000	early 1990s	11	Gerasimov & Gerasimov 1995b
South-West Tundra NR	N5158E15637	Summering	ta	1000	-	11	Gerasimov 1995
South-West Tundra NR	N5158E15637	Summering	tu	1000	-	11	Gerasimov 1995
Zeya - Bureya Lowland	N5030E12830	Spring	?	18000	1991-1994	11	Dugintsov 1996
Lake Bolon	N4948E13630	Spring	?	3000	1970s	11	Bocharnikov & Shibaev 1996
Korea, D.P.R.
Chongch'on Gang Estuary	N3943E12524		?	500	1995spring	11	Pak 1995
Korea, Republic of
Ch'olwon Basin	N3815E12713	Wintering	tu	13000	1993-1996	10	Kim et al. 1996
Upper Kum gang Estuary	N3808E12657	Wintering	?	3000	-	11	Won 1995
Taesong'dong & Panmunch'om Marshes	N3757E12642	Wintering	?	2650	1992/93winter	5	Won 1995
Han gang Estuary	N3744E12641	Wintering	tu	5857	1995-1996	5	Kim et al. 1996
Kanghwa Do Island	N3734E12626	Wintering	?	800	1992-1993	11	Kim et al. 1996
Asan Bay	N3656E12648	Wintering	tu	1850	1993-1996	10	Kim et al. 1996
Daeho Rsv.	N3650E12625	Wintering	tu	1369	1994-1996	11	Kim et al. 1996
Cheon Su Bay	N3631E12625	Wintering	tu	9500	1993-1996	5	Kim et al. 1996
Kum gang Estuary	N3552E12640	Wintering	?	2147	1994-1996	5	Kim et al. 1996
Wupo Reservoir	N3533E12825	Wintering	tu	1248	1993/94winter	5	Kim et al. 1996
Sannam, Junam & Tongpan Reservoir	N3518E12841	Wintering	ta	5959	1992-1996	1	Kim et al. 1996
Nakdong gang Estuary	N3508E12854	Wintering	ta	1723	1992-1996	1	Kim et al. 1996
Japan
Sarobetsu Marsh	N4505E14141	Staging	ta	1500	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Notoro-ko	N4405E14405	Staging	tu	1000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Tofutsu-ko	N4356E14425	Staging	tu	1200	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Fukurojinuma	N4330E14145	Staging	ta	2500	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Miyajimanuma	N4320E14143	Staging	ta	600	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Furen-ko	N4315E14514	Staging	tu	1800	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Kushiro Marsh	N4259E14424	Staging	ta	500	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Kushiro Marsh	N4259E14424	Staging	tu	950	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Ikusotanuma	N4250E14330	Staging	ta	722	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lower Tokachi River	N4245E14337	Staging	ta	2000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Atsuma Rice Fields	N4245E14150	Staging	tu	2000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Utonai-to	N4242E14143	Staging	?	2000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Mawarizeki Reservoir	N4045E14020	Staging	ta	580	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Ezogatate Reservoir	N4045E14020	Staging	ta	1400	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Otomonuma Reservoir	N4010E14000	Staging	ta	2600	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Otomonuma Reservoir	N4010E14000	Staging	tu	1000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Hachirogata Rice Fields	N4000E14000	Staging	ta+ tu	6500	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Hanamaki Rice Fields	N3920E14105	Staging	tu	1330	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Hanayama-ko Reservoir	N3847E14052	Wintering	ta	899	1997/98winter	11	JAWGP unpubl.
Lakes Izunuma & Uchinuma	N3843E14107	Wintering	tu	2758	1997/98winter	11	JAWGP unpubl.
Lake Naganuma	N3841E14108	Wintering	ta	800	1997/98winter	11	JAWGP unpubl.
Lake Kabukurinuma	N3840E14110	Wintering	ta	993	1997/98winter	11	JAWGP unpubl.
Kejonuma Reservoir	N3838E14058	Wintering	tu	6425	1997/98winter	11	JAWGP unpubl.
Lake Fukushimagata	N3754E13915	Wintering	ta	3300	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Toyanogata	N3754E13915	Wintering	ta	2000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Sakata	N3749E13853	Wintering	ta	2000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Asahiike	N3715E13820	Wintering	ta	1500	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Biwa-ko	N3515E13605	Wintering	ta	600	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
China
Xingkai Hu	N4515E13230	Staging	?	3000	1988spring	11	Li et al. 1994
Beidaihe Coast	N3949E11930	Wintering	?	2605	-	11	Scott 1989
Huayan Rese.	N3910E11320	Wintering	?	800	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Qing Dao	N3610E12010	Wintering	?	500	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Heigangkuo (Yellow River Delta)	N3408E11404	Wintering	?	1460	1993/94winter	5	AWC
Jiangsu Coast	N3400E12030	Wintering	?	16500	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Sheyang Salt Works	N3341E12032	Wintering	?	3536	1989/90winter	11	AWC
Yancheng Nature Reserve	N3329E12040	Wintering	?	1858	1995/96winter	1	AWC
Gaoyou And Shabo Lakes	N3235E11920	Wintering	?	1300	1989/90winter	11	AWC
Shengjin Hu	N3021E11705	Wintering	?	580	1995/96winter	11	AWC
East Dongting Lakes	N2915E11255	Wintering	?	5693	1991/92winter	1	AWC
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	?	6800	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Wanzihu	N2850E11230	Wintering	?	507	1991/92winter	11	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons

Classification

Polytypic. Five subspecies have bee described: the nominate form from northern Europe and Asia; A. a. frontalis from northeastern Siberia and northern Canada; A. a. flavirostris from Greenland; A. a. gambelli from the Mackenzie Basin region of Canada; and A. a. elgasi from the Anchorage region of Alaska. The validity of elgasi has been questioned.

Distribution

Holarctic, breeding at high latitudes in northern Europe, Asia and North America, and wintering south to Mexico, southern Europe, the Middle East, Eastern Asia. One subspecies occurs in Eastern Eurasia. A.a. frontalis breeds in the Arctic tundra from Lena delta east to Russian Far East, and winters in China, Korea and Japan.

Movements

Migratory, wintering at traditional sites mainly at temperate latitudes. Birds wintering in Japan are known to migrate northeast to the Koryak Coast through Kamchatka, Russia, whilebirds nesting in the Anadyr Lowlands migrate along the Amur River Valley to China, based on studies marking birds with satellite transmitters (Kurechi et al. 1995). One bird banded at Poyang Lake in China was recovered in the Kolyma Lowlands, Russia. Breeding birds on the Arctic Coast migrate south along the river valleys (Andreev 1997). Some birds in China or Korea are known to stop at Hokkaido Island, Japan, on their northward migration (Miyabayashi 1993). No Nearctic band has been recovered in Eastern Eurasia, nor Eurasian band in North America.

Population limits

Only one population is recognized in Eastern Eurasia.

Population size

• Eastern Asia: 100,000-150,000. 1% level 1,250.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 50,000. The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 50,000 in China (Lu 1995, 1999); 3,600 in D.P.R. Korea (Pak 1995); and 50,000 in Japan (average of 1995/96 - 1997/98 winters, JAWGP unpublished data). In the Republic of Korea, the average wintering population between 1991/92 and 1998/99 winter was about 35,000, but the number reached more than 40,000 in the last few years (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999). Based on the information available, a revised total population of 100,000-150,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Lena River Delta	N7300E12500	Breeding	14000	mid 1980s	11	Labutin & Degtyarev 1985
Yana-Indigirka Tundra	N7130E14000	Summering	44500	mid 1980s	11	Degtyarev 1990
Indigirka & Alazeya Lowlands	N7000E14830	Summering	16000	mid 1980s	11	Degtyarev 1990
Cape Billings	N6900E17600	Summering	-	-	11	Kondratyev 1988
Chaunskaya Tundra	N6900E16800	Summering	-	-	11	Andreev 1993
Middle Kolyma Valley - Evseiskie Ostrova	N6900E15830	Staging	-	-	11	Andreev 1993
Vankaremskaya Lowlands	N6800W17700	Breeding	-	-	11	Andreev 1993
Kolyuchin Bay Tundra	N6630W17700	Moulting	1200	1992summer	11	Andreev 1997
Kresta Bay	N6530W17800	Summering	-	-	11	Andreev 1993
Anadyr Lowlands	N6500E17830	Summering	3400	early 1990s	11	Kondratyev 1992
Khatyrka Valley	N6200E17500	Breeding	1650	1997summer	11	Kondratyev unpubl.
Malamvayam Lagoon (Geese Lagoon NR)	N5745E16227	Autumn	10000	1980s	11	Gerasimov & Gerasimov 1995b
Lake Kharchinskoe	N5632E16011	Spring	10000	1983spring	11	Gerasimov & Gerasimov 1995a
Kharchinskoe Lake NR	N5632E16011	Staging	9200	1975-1990	11	Gerasimov & Gerasimov 1997a
Zhupanova Lagoon NR	N5335E15950	Autumn	10000	1990s	11	Gerasimov & Gerasimov 1995b
Zeya - Bureya Lowland	N5030E12830	Spring	65000	1991-1994	11	Dugintsov 1996
Lake Bolon	N4948E13630	Spring	100000	1970s	11	Bocharnikov & Shibaev 1996
Korea, D.P.R.
Chongch'on Gang Estuary	N3943E12524		2000	1995spring	11	Pak 1995
Kumya Wetland Reserve	N3925E12720		1600	1995spring	11	Pak 1995
Korea, Republic of
Ch'olwon Basin	N3815E12713	Wintering	7000	1993-1996	5	Kim et al. 1996
Taesong'dong & Panmunch'om Marshes	N3757E12642		1500	1992/93winter	11	Won 1995
Han gang Estuary	N3744E12641	Wintering	6030	1995-1996	11	Kim et al. 1996
Sapkyo Lake	N3653E12651	Wintering	1500	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Kum River	N3604E12649	Wintering	7470	1990/91winter	5	AWC
Kum gang Estuary	N3552E12640	Wintering	4550	1994-1996	11	Kim et al. 1996
Sannam, Junam & Tongpan Reservoir	N3518E12841	Wintering	2470	1992-1996	5	Kim et al. 1996
Nakdong gang Estuary	N3508E12855	Wintering	1469	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Japan
Lake Fukurojinuma	N4330E14145	Staging	1900	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Miyajimanuma	N4320E14143	Staging	35000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Atsuma Rice Fields	N4245E14150	Staging	2000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Utonai-to	N4242E14143	Staging	20000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Benten'numa	N4239E14146	Staging	5000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Oikamanainuma	N4230E14330	Staging	2000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Otomonuma Reservoir	N4010E14000	Wintering	21000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Hachirogata Rice Fields	N4000E14000	Wintering	19000	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lakes Izunuma & Uchinuma	N3843E14107	Wintering	47506	1997/98winter	1	JAWGP unpubl.
Lake Naganuma	N3841E14108	Wintering	4000	1997/98winter	11	JAWGP unpubl.
Lake Kabukurinuma	N3840E14110	Wintering	32000	1997/98winter	5	JAWGP unpubl.
Kejonuma Reservoir	N3838E14058	Wintering	3924	1997/98winter	5	JAWGP unpubl.
Lake Katano Kamoike	N3619E13618	Wintering	2200	1998/99winter	11	JAWGP unpubl.
Kuzuryu River	N3610E13610	Wintering	1500	-	11	Miyabayashi 1994
Lake Shinji-ko	N3526E13252	Wintering	1262	1997/98winter	11	Wakisaka 1998
China
Shengjin Hu	N3021E11705	Wintering	2100	1995/96winter	11	AWC
Daxi + Xiaoxi + Chai Shang Lakes	N2927E11250	Wintering	2600	1995/96winter	11	AWC
Dongting Hu	N2911E11225	Wintering	7720	1996/97winter	11	Iwabuchi et al. 1997
Poyang Hu	N2854E11616	Wintering	61099	1988/89winter	5	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus

Classification

Monotypic. Vulnerable (IUCN 1996, Green 1996).

Distribution

Palearctic, breeding across northern Eurasia from northern Scandinavia to Russian Far East, and wintering south to southeastern Europe, the Middle East and Eastern Asia. In Eastern Eurasia, the species breeds from western Siberia eastwards; it winters mainly in eastern China. Until the 19th century, the species used to be a regular winter visitor to Japan.

Movements

Migratory, wintering at temperate latitudes. The migration of the species is poorly known in Eastern Eurasia. Data on staging sites is limited to counts of 3,000-7,500 birds in the Amur Basin, up to 400 birds in Kamchatka in 1980s, and up to 15 birds in Hokkaido, Japan, in mid 1990s (Iwabuchi 1997).

Population limits

Only one population is recognised.

Population size

• Eastern Asia: 14,000. 1% level 140.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 6,000 following Perennou et al. (1994). Iwabuchi et al. (1997) counted 13,700 birds in the East Dongting Lakes in February 1997. Based on the information available, a revised total population of 14,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Chaunskaya Tundra	N6930E17000	Staging	-	-	11	Andreev 1993
Middle Omolon valley	N6700E15930	Breeding	-	-	11	Andreev 1993
Kharchinskoe Lake NR	N5632E16011	Staging	400	1975-1990	11	Gerasimov & Gerasimov 1997a
Zeya - Bureya Lowland	N5030E12830	Spring	3000	1991-1994	11	Dugintsov 1996
Lake Bolon	N4948E13630	Spring	5000	1970s	11	Bocharnikov & Shibaev 1996
China
Xingkai Hu	N4515E13230	Staging	7500	1988spring	11	Li et al. 1994
Qing Dao	N3610E12010	Wintering	1200	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Heigangkuo (Yellow River Delta)	N3408E11404	Wintering	180	1993/94winter	5	AWC
Shijiu Hu	N3123E11847	Wintering	1150	1992/93winter	5	AWC
Hannan Lake in Wuhan Lakes	N3020E11350	Wintering	360	1989/90winter	11	AWC
East Dongting Lakes	N2911E11225	Wintering	13700	1996/97winter	5	Iwabuchi et al. 1997
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	9790	1988/89winter	11	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Greylag Goose Anser anser

Classification

Polytypic. Two subspecies have been described: the nominate form from western and northwestern Europe and A. a. rubrirostris from southeastern Europe and Asia.

Distribution

Palearctic, breeding widely at boreal and temperate latitudes across Europe and Asia, and wintering south to North Africa, the Middle East, and Southern and Eastern Asia. The subspecies rubrirostris only occurs in Eastern Eurasia, breeding in Central Asia, southern Russia, Mongolia, northern China, and wintering in India to southern China and northern Vietnam.

Movements

Mostly migratory, with a few populations sedentary in Western Eurasia. In Eastern Eurasia, the species breeds in boreal and temperate latitudes and move to winter at lower latitudes.

Population limits

Two wintering groups are recognised (Perennou et al. 1994): (1) Southern Asia and (2) Eastern Asia.

Population size

• Southern Asia: 15,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). 1% level 150.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 15,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).
• Eastern Asia: 50,000-100,000. 1% level 750.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 25,000-100,000, following Perennou et al. (1994). Lu (1995) estimates population in China as 50,000. There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in Vietnam. Based on the information available, a revised total population of 50,000-100,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
China
Xingkai Hu	N4515E13230	Staging	1000	1988spring	11	Li et al. 1994
Sheyang Salt Works	N3341E12032	Wintering	1300	1994/95winter	10	AWC
Yancheng Nature Reserve	N3329E12040	Wintering	2892	1995/96winter	1	AWC
Gaoyou And Shabo Lakes	N3235E11920	Wintering	880	1989/90winter	11	AWC
East Dongting Lakes	N2915E11255	Wintering	6300	1990/91winter	6	AWC
Poyang Hu	N2854E11616	Wintering	1089	1991/92winter	10	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Restricted to Central and Southern Asia. Discontinuous breeding range, restricted to selected high altitude wetlands in Central Asia, from extreme Eastern Kazakstan and Kyrgyzstan across southern Russia to western Mongolia, south through the Tibetan (Xizang) Plateau to Ladakh in northern India. Birds winter from Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar.

Movements

Not clearly understood. Largely migratory, with northern breeding birds migrating to Southern Asia. However, a significant proportion of the population also winter in China, in the Tibetan Plateau during mid October to April (Bishop et al. 1997), and in Yunnan and Guizhou in southern China (Lu 1991).

Based on movements of five marked birds on the breeding grounds, it is evident that birds from the northern breeding populations in Central Asia (south to Qinghai Lake in China) migrate to winter in Southern Asia. Two individuals banded in eastern Kyrgyzstan were recovered in Pakistan (Roberts 1991). Three birds banded at Qinghai Lake in China, were recovered on their wintering grounds: one in Karnataka state, southwestern India (Uttangi 1987), one in northeastern India and one around Chittagong, southern Bangladesh (National Bird Banding Center, P.R. China 1987).

Population limits

Based on the migration of a large proportion of birds to Southern Asia east to Myanmar, with a possibly largely sedentary population in western China, two populations are now recognised: (1) Southern Asia / Myanmar (wintering) and (2) China (wintering). Through an apparent oversight, Rose & Scott (1997) included only one population in Tibet/China/Myanmar (estimated at 11,000), excluding the larger population wintering in South Asia.

Population size

• Southern Asia / Myanmar (wintering): 16,800-18,900. 1% level 180.
  
• China (wintering): 15,500-17,500 (Bishop et al. 1997). 1% level 160.
  

  Collating data on the population size of the species has been difficult, largely due to the restricted range and inhospitable habitats of the species and the lack of regular communication between researchers in the region (Gole 1998). Consequently, estimates of the population size have changed over the last decade as new information becomes available. A series of surveys have been undertaken in the breeding areas in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (including Hulun Nuur, in Inner Mongolia where the birds previously bred) and wintering areas in the Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, Yunnan and Guizhou between 1988-1996. It is currently estimated that the wintering population of the species in China is 15,500-17,500 (Bishop et al. 1997).

  Breeding population. Based on the information available, a total population size is derived from an estimate of the breeding population, in which the number of individuals in the population (35,850 individuals) is calculated as three times the number of breeding pairs (11,950), using the formula proposed by Meininger et al. (1995). A conservative estimate of about 11,950 breeding pairs across the breeding range is generated from a country-wise breakdown of the estimated number of breeding pairs: China - 10,000 Lu Jianjian (1991 and 1997), Russia (Tuva-Altai Mountains) - 100 (van der Ven 1997), Mongolia - 1,500 (Shiirevdamba 1997), Kyrgyzstan - 50 (Prakash Gole, pers. comm. 1999), Tajikistan - 100 (van der Ven, J. pers. comm. 1999), Afghanistan - 50 (personal estimate based on information in Scott 1995), and India (Ladakh) - 150 (Mishra & Humbert-Droz 1998).

  Wintering population. A compilation of available data based on the AWC census and other current information suggests a total population of about 32,300-36,400 individuals.

  • A conservative estimate of 15,000-17,000 individuals wintering in India (based on a suggested estimate by Prakash Gole (1997, pers. comm. 1999) that the wintering population is about 15,000 and a maximum of 17,834 individuals counted in 1992 during the AWC (Perennou & Mundkur 1992).
  • A conservative estimate of 1,800-1,900 individuals in the rest of Southern / Southeastern Asia (Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar).
  • An estimate of 15,500-17,500 individuals in China (Bishop et al. 1997).

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Mongolia
Sangiyn Dalay Nuur	N4915E09900	Summering	170	1977summer	11	Kitson 1978
Holboo Nuur	N4908E09708	Summering	560	1977summer	11	Kitson 1978
Dzuun Nuur	N4903E09930	Summering	210	1977summer	11	Kitson 1978
Ayrag Nuur	N4853E09325	Summering	510	1995summer	11	Braunlich 1995
Terhiyn Tsagaan Nuur	N4810E09943	Summering	2100	1977summer	11	Kitson 1978
China
Arketao	N3905E07550	Wintering	400	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Tuosu Hu	N3715E09710	Breeding	697	1987summer	11	Lu 1997
Qinghai Hu	N3650E10010	Summering	5520	1988summer	11	Lu 1997
Pangong Hu	N3450E09810	Breeding	127	1985summer	11	Lu 1997
Longbaotan NR	N3310E09635	Breeding	4000	1988summer	11	Scott 1989
Zalong Lake (Konglong bird island)	N3038E08612	Breeding	2000	1988summer	11	Piao & Liu 1994
Kazi Or Katzachinz Reservoir	N2953E09107	Wintering	931	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Lhasa He (Lhasa River)	N2938E09105	Wintering	3880	1991-1996	11	Bishop et al. 1997
Yarlung River Basin near Gonggar	N2930E09145	Wintering	660	1991-1993	11	Bishop et al. 1997
Kyichu R.: Doilendegen South To Qushui Br	N2930E09040	Wintering	125	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Yarlung River Basin near Shigatse	N2920E08935	Wintering	6512	1991-1993	11	Bishop et al. 1997
Nyang Chu (Oxbow)	N2911E08905	Wintering	1100	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Yarlung River Basin near Lhaze	N2910E08733	Wintering	1033	1991-1995	11	Bishop et al. 1997
Yangcaoyong Cuo (Yamdrok Tso)	N2900E09040	Wintering	267	1991-1993	10	Bishop et al. 1997
Napahai NR	N2752E09938	Wintering	145	1988/89winter	11	AWC
Caohai Nature Reserve	N2650E10415	Wintering	800	1995/96winter	2	Bishop et al. 1997
Daqiao Reservoir	N2641E10320	Wintering	800	1991/92winter	11	Wei et al. 1994
Huizi Daqiao	N2640E10310	Wintering	400	1991/92winter	11	AWC