Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Falcated Duck Anas falcata

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Eastern Asia; breeding in southeastern Siberia, southern Far East to Kamchatka, Russia, and Mongolia; and wintering in Eastern Asia and Southeastern Asia (south to Thailand) with a few birds west to northeastern India.

Movements

Migratory. Several birds banded in Japan in winter have been recovered in the Russian Far East (BMRCYIO 1985, Bianki & Dobrynina 1997).

Population limits

Only one population is recognised, viz. the entire population of the species.

Population size

• Entire population: Eastern Asia: 500,000-1,000,000. Provisional numerical criterion 7,500.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000 following COSWSG (1994a). Callaghan (in prep.) estimated 500,000-1,000,000 based on interpretation of available information. The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 500,000 (Lu 1995) in China; <3,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 8,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters, WPD-EAJ 1997). There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in Southeastern Asia. Based on the information available, a revised total population of 500,000-1,000,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Korea, Republic of
Sannam, Ch'unsan, Tongp'an, Junam Res.	N3518E12841	Wintering	6766	1994/95winter	10	AWC
China
Xingkai Hu	N4515E13230	Wintering	9000	-	11	Scott 1989
Xiang Hai NR	N4457E12230	Wintering	10000	-	11	Scott 1989
Sheyang Salt Works	N3341E12032	Wintering	6832	1991/92winter	10	AWC
Daxi + Xiaoxi + Chai Shang Lakes	N2927E11250	Wintering	15370	1995/96winter	11	AWC
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	30000	1987/88winter	11	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Palearctic, with a wide breeding distribution across northern Eurasia from Iceland eastward to Russian Far East. In Eastern Eurasia, breeding from Siberia to the Far East, Rusia, and wintering in Southern, Southeastern (south to Thailand) and Eastern Asia.

Movements

Migratory; wintering temperate to subtropic latitudes in Eastern Eurasia. The main breeding area of the species wintering in Southern Asia is situated in Siberia, and the birds wintering in Eastern Asia originate from the eastern Siberia to the Far East.

Population limits

No discrete populations are identifiable (Perennou et al. 1994) and two wintering groups are recognised: (1) Southern Asia (from Pakistan to Myanmar); and (2) Eastern Asia (south to Vietnam).

Population size

• Southern Asia (wintering): 250,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). 1% level 2,500.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 250,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).
• Eastern Asia: 500,000-1,000,000. Provisional numerical criterion 7,500.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 500,000 in China (Lu 1995); 10,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 160,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters, WPD-EAJ 1997). There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in Southeastern Asia. Based on the information available, a revised total population of 500,000-1,000,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Selenga Delta in Lake Baikal	N5217E10622	Staging	17800	1989-1996autumn	11	Fefelov et al. 1998
Lake Bolon	N4948E13630	Spring	20000	1970s	11	Bocharnikov & Shibaev 1996
Korea, Republic of
Sannam, Junam & Tongpan Reservoir	N3518E12841	Wintering	12000	early 1990s	11	Won 1995
Japan
Lakes Komuke-ko & Shibunotsunai-ko	N4416E14329	Staging	10000	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Notsuke Bay	N4335E14518	Staging	11323	1985-92	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Furen-ko	N4315E14514	Staging	8673	1986-92	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Biwa-ko	N3515E13605	Wintering	14600	1989,94	11	Abe et al. 1995
River Yoshino-gawa	N3405E13414	Wintering	6643	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
China
Jiangsu Coast	N3400E12030	Wintering	32500	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Sheyang Salt Works	N3341E12032	Wintering	41850	1991/92winter	1	AWC
Yancheng Shore	N3330E12015	Wintering	15680	1992/93winter	10	AWC
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	8000	1987/88winter	11	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

Classification

Polytypic. As many as eight subspecies are recognised by some authors, but up to six of these (wyvilliana, laysanensis, fulvigula, maculosa, diazi and oustaleti) are sometimes considered as separate species. Four subspecies are listed by Rose & Scott (1994, 1997): the widespread nominate form, A. p. conboschas from Greenland, A. p. oustaleti from the Mariana Islands, and A. p. diazi from Mexico. (A. p. oustaleti may be an unstable hybrid between platyrhynchos and A. superciliosa).

Distribution

Holarctic, with a wide breeding distribution across North America and northern Eurasia. In Eastern Eurasia, the species breeds widely in Siberia to Russian Far East, central Asia, northern South Asia and northern East Asia, and winters in Southern, Eastern Asia.

Movements

Partially migratory, northernmost breeding populations generally winter much further south, but sedentary in temperate regions. The main breeding area of the species wintering in Southern Asia are situated in Siberia, and the birds wintering in Eastern Asia originate from the eastern Siberia to the Far East.

Population limits

No discrete populations are identifiable (Perennou et al. 1994) and two wintering groups are recognised: (1) Southern Asia (from Pakistan to Myanmar); and (2) Eastern Asia (south to Thailand).

Population size

• Central / Southern Asia: 75,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). 1% level 750.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 75,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).
• Eastern Asia: >1,500,000. Provisional numerical criterion 20,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated >100,000, following Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 15,000-20,000 in Kamchatka, Russia (Gerasimov & Gerasimov 1990); 500,000 (Lu 1995) in China; >500,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 500,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters from WPD-EAJ 1997). There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in Southeastern Asia. Based on the information available, a revised total population of >1,500,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Korea, Republic of
Han gang Estuary	N3744E12640	Wintering	16075	1992/93winter	11	AWC
Sapkyo Lake	N3653E12651	Wintering	95000	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Chonsu Lake	N3640E12625	Wintering	94800	1994/95winter	1	AWC
Asan Bay	N3635E12648	Wintering	25435	1995/96winter	11	AWC
Kum River	N3604E12649	Wintering	42308	1995/96winter	1	AWC
Tongjin gang Estuary	N3548E12642	Wintering	16671	1994-1996	11	Kim et al. 1996
Nakdong gang Estuary	N3508E12854	Wintering	30401	1992/93winter	11	Won 1995
Japan
Lakes Ooyama Kamiike & Shimoike	N3845E13946	Wintering	41500	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Toyanogata	N3753E13904	Wintering	17415	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Hyoko	N3750E13914	Wintering	19664	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Kahokugata Rice Fields	N3638E13640	Wintering	21409	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
China
Xingkai Hu	N4515E13230	Wintering	100000	-	11	Scott 1989
Yancheng Shore	N3330E12015	Wintering	30100	1989/90winter	11	AWC
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	30000	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Caohai Nature Reserve	N2650E10415	Wintering	30000	1992/93winter	11	WSGCOA 1994

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha

Classification

Polytypic. Three subspecies are recognised: the nominate form from the Indian Subcontinent to western Assam; A. p. zonorhyncha in southeastern Russia, Japan to southern China; and A. p. haringtoni in eastern Assam and Myanmar to southern China and Laos.

Distribution

Confined to Eastern Eurasia, breeding at temperate and subtropical latitudes in Southern Asia to Eastern Asia.

Movements

Partially migratory, with northernmost populations in southern Russia, Mongolia and northern China descending to winter at lower latitudes in Eastern Asia. Populations breeding in temperate regions mainly sedentary with some dispersal mainly related to the availability of water.

Population limits

Three populations are generally recognised corresponding to the three subspecies (Perennou et al. 1994). The wintering range of A.p. zonorhyncha and residential range of A.p. haringtoni overlaps in southern China and these two subspecies are not always distinguished in the field by observers.

Population size

• Anas poecilorhyncha poecilorhyncha: Southern Asia: 50,000-100,000 (Callaghan in prep). Provisional numerical criterion 750.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 50,000 following Perennou et al. (1994). Callaghan (in prep.) estimated 50,000-100,000 based on interpretation of available information and Perennou et al. (1994).
• Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha: Eastern Asia: 800,000-1,600,000. Provisional numerical criterion 12,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000 following Perennou et al. (1994). Callaghan (in prep.) estimated 750,000-1,500,000 based on interpretation of available information and Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 500,000 in China (Lu 1995); 80,000-100,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 230,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters from WPD-EAJ 1997). There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in Southeastern Asia. Based on the information available, a revised total population of 800,000-1,600,000 is proposed.
• Anas poecilorhyncha haringtoni: Southeastern Asia: 100,000-1,000,000 (Callaghan in prep). Provisional numerical criterion 5,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 10,000-100,000 following Perennou et al. (1994). Callaghan (in prep.) estimated 100,000-1,000,000 based on interpretation of available information and Perennou et al. (1994).

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
China
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	23584	1988/89winter	11	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Holarctic, with a wide breeding distribution across North America and northern Eurasia. Eastern Eurasian populations breed in Siberia across to Russian Far East and winter in Southern, Southeastern (south to Thailand) and Eastern Asia.

Movements

Highly migratory; wintering temperate regions south to subtropics in Eastern Eurasia. The main breeding area of the species wintering in Southern Asia is situated in Siberia, and the birds wintering in Southeastern and Eastern Asia originate from the eastern Siberia to the Far East.

Population limits

No discrete populations are identifiable (Perennou et al. 1994) and two wintering groups are recognised: (1) Southern Asia; and (2) Eastern / Southeastern Asia (south to Thailand and Philippines).

Population size

• Southern Asia (wintering): 100,000-1,000,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). Provisional numerical criterion 5,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-100,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).
• Eastern / Southeastern Asia (wintering): 500,000-1,000,000. Provisional numerical criterion 7,500.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 25,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 500,000 in China (Lu 1995); 7,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 23,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters from WPD-EAJ 1997). There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in Southeastern Asia. Based on the information available, a revised total population of 500,000-1,000,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
China
Sheyang Salt Works	N3341E12032	Wintering	13950	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Yancheng Shore	N3330E12015	Wintering	14326	1992/93winter	10	AWC
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	7000	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Mai Po & Deep Bay Wetlands	N2228E11425	Wintering	8082	1994/95winter	8	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Northern Pintail Anas acuta

Classification

Monotypic. A. eatoni of Kerguelen and Crozet Islands is sometimes considered to be a subspecies of A. acuta.

Distribution

Holarctic, with a wide breeding distribution across North America and northern Eurasia. In Eastern Eurasia, the species breeds widely in Siberia to Russian Far East, and winters in Southern, Southeastern (south to Thailand), and Eastern Asia.

Movements

Highly migratory; wintering temperate regions south to subtropics in Eastern Eurasia. Moult migration are frequent. The main breeding area of birds wintering in Southern Asia are situated in Siberia, and of those wintering in Southeastern and Eastern Asia are from eastern Siberia and Russian Far East extending to northwestern North America (BMRCYIO 1985). The breeding range of the birds wintering in North America extends to the northeastern Far East (Bianki & Dobrynina 1997).

Population limits

No discrete populations are identifiable (Perennou et al. 1994) and two wintering groups are recognised in Eastern Eurasia: (1) Southern Asia; and (2) Southeastern and Eastern Asia. This was followed by Rose & Scott (1997) and is adopted here. Recoveries of birds marked in Japan to northwestern North America suggest an extended breeding range of the Southeastern and Eastern Asia group into northwestern North America.

Population size

• Southern Asia (wintering): >100,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). Provisional numerical criterion 10,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated >100,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).
• Eastern / Southeastern Asia (wintering): 500,000-1,000,000. Provisional numerical criterion 7,500.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 500,000 in China (Lu 1995); 15,000-30,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 190,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters from WPD-EAJ 1997). There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in Southeastern Asia. Based on the information available, a revised total population of 500,000-1,000,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Korea, Republic of
Sapkyo Lake	N3653E12651	Wintering	20000	1992/93winter	8	AWC
Asan Lake	N3651E12654	Wintering	7000	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Cheon Su Bay	N3631E12625	Wintering	11102	1993-1996	11	Kim et al. 1996
Japan
Lakes Komuke-ko & Shibunotsunai-ko	N4416E14329	Staging	10000	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Miyajimanuma	N4320E14143	Staging	14887	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Furen-ko	N4315E14514	Staging	11442	1986-92	11	Abe et al. 1995
Mawarizeki Reservoir	N4045E14020	Wintering	50000	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Otomonuma Reservoir	N4010E14000	Wintering	15000	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Hachirogata Rice Fields	N4000E14000	Wintering	10848	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
River Mogami-gawa	N3853E13952	Wintering	43179	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Hyoko	N3750E13914	Wintering	10065	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
River Abukuma-gawa	N3730E14026	Wintering	8829	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
China
Xingkai Hu	N4515E13230	Staging	32000	-	11	Scott 1989
Sheyang Salt Works	N3341E12032	Wintering	9300	1991/92winter	8	AWC
Yancheng Shore	N3330E12015	Wintering	18770	1992/93winter	10	AWC
Baoshan Steel Plant Reservoirs	N3126E12126	Wintering	4000	1990/91winter	10	AWC
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	30000	1987/88winter	8	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Garganey Anas querquedula

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Palearctic, breeding widely at temperate latitudes across Europe and Asia, mostly between 42°N and 65°N. In Eastern Eurasia, the species breeds widely in Siberia across to southern Russian Far East, and winters in Southern, Southeastern (south to Indonesia) and Eastern Asia. Small number reaches northern Australia.

Movements

Highly migratory; wintering temperate and subtropic latitudes in Eastern Eurasia. The main breeding area of the species wintering in Southern Asia is situated in Siberia.

Population limits

Two wintering groups are recognised in Eastern Eurasia (Perennou et al. 1994): (1) Southern Asia and (2) Eastern / Southeastern Asia.

Population size

• Southern Asia (wintering): 250,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). 1% level 2,500.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 250,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).
• Eastern / Southeastern Asia (wintering): 100,000-1,000,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). Provisional numerical criterion 5,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
China
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	30000	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Thailand
Nong Nam Khao Non-Hunting Area (Ban Hung Dua)	N1646E10006	Wintering	4740	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Beung Boraphet	N1542E10015	Wintering	15000	1993/94winter	2	AWC
Cha-Vak Lake	N1455E10004	Wintering	5320	1993/94winter	11	AWC
Kasetsart University (Kampaengsaen)	N1350E10005	Wintering	25000	1989/90winter	5	AWC
Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park	N1220E09959	Wintering	7000	1989/90winter	11	AWC
Bang Lung Tua in Southern Central Plains		Wintering	10500	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Vietnam
Tram Chin Nature Reserve	N0940E10540	Wintering	20000	1992/93winter	10	AWC
Indonesia
Danau Tempe (Lake Tempe)	S0406E11958	Wintering	10000	-	11	Coates & Bishop 1997

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Baikal Teal Anas formosa

Classification

Monotypic. Vulnerable (IUCN 1996, Green 1996).

Distribution

Eastern Palearctic, breeding in eastern Siberia and the Far East to Kamchatka, Russia, and wintering in Eastern Asia.

Movements

Migratory; breeding in eastern Siberia from Yenisei Valley eastwards to Cape Schmidt in Chukot and south to upper Lena Valley, Anadyr Basin, Kamchatka and the coast of Sea of Okhotsk; and wintering in China, Korea and Japan with a few to Vietnam and Thailand. Several individuals marked in winter in Japan were recovered along the Russian Far East from Primorskii Krai, Amurskaya Oblast', Khabarovskii Krai to upper Valleys of Kolyma, Indigirka and Yana. Breeding birds in the Valleys of Lena and Yenisei migrate south through western Mongolia and Selenga Delta in Lake Baikal to the wintering area in China (Bianki & Dobrynina 1997).

Population limits

Only one population is recognised, viz. the entire population of the species.

Population size

• Entire population: Eastern Asia: 210,000. 1% level 2,100.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 105,000 following Moores (1996). Callaghan (in prep.) estimated 75,000 following C. Pool (in litt. 1996). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 10,000 in China (Lu 1995); 200,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 700 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters from WPD-EAJ 1997). Based on the information available, a revised total population of 210,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Yana-Indigirka Tundra	N7130E14000	Summering	-	-	11	Syroechkovski Jr. & Zockler 1997
Lake Bolon	N4948E13630	Spring	5000	1970s	11	Bocharnikov & Shibaev 1996
Korea, Republic of
Upper Kum gang Estuary	N3808E12657	Wintering	35000	-	11	Won 1995
Asan Bay (Lakes Asan & Sapkyo)	N3653E12651	Wintering	35000	1993-1996	10	Kim et al. 1996
Daeho Rsv.	N3650E12625	Wintering	9000	1995/96 winter	11	Kang & Cho 1996
Chonsu Lake	N3640E12625	Wintering	30000	1995/96winter	10	AWC
Nonsan Reservoir	N3620E12710	Wintering	60000	1995/96 winter	11	Kang & Cho 1996
Kum gang Estuary	N3552E12640	Wintering	45000	1995/96 winter	11	Kang & Cho 1996
Tongjin gang Estuary	N3548E12642	Wintering	3500	1994-1996	11	Kim et al. 1996
Sannam, Junam & Tongpan Reservoir	N3518E12841	Wintering	25000	1995/96 winter	1	Kang & Cho 1996
China
Gaoyou And Shabo Lakes	N3235E11920	Wintering	3500	1989/90winter	10	AWC
East Dongting Lakes	N2915E11255	Wintering	6734	1990/91winter	11	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Common Teal Anas crecca

Classification

Polytypic. Three subspecies have been described: the nominate form in northern Eurasia; A. c. carolinensis in North America; and A. c. nimia in the Aleutian Islands. The latter is of somewhat questionable validity, the birds resembling the nominate form closely.

Distribution

Holarctic, with a wide breeding distribution across North America and northern Eurasia. In Eastern Eurasia, the species breeds widely across Siberia to Russian Far East, and winters in Southern, Southeastern (south to Thailand), and Eastern Asia. The North American subspecies carolinensis has occurred in Eastern Asia as a vagrant.

Movements

Highly migratory; wintering temperate regions south to subtropics in Eastern Eurasia. The main breeding area of the species wintering in Southern Asia is situated in Siberia, and the birds wintering in Southeastern and Eastern Asia originate from the eastern Siberia to the Far East.

Population limits

No discrete populations are identifiable (Perennou et al. 1994) and two wintering groups are recognised: (1) Southern Asia and (2) Eastern / Southeastern Asia.

Population size

• Southern Asia (wintering): 400,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). 1% level 4,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 400,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).
• Eastern / Southeastern Asia: 600,000-1,000,000. Provisional numerical criterion 8,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 500,000 in China (Lu 1995); 20,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 190,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters from WPD-EAJ 1997). There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in Southeastern Asia. Based on the information available, a revised total population of 600,000-1,000,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Korea, Republic of
Taeho	N3702E12630	Wintering	17801	1995/96winter	11	AWC
Japan
Niigata Coast (Niigata Higashi Port)	N3759E13914	Wintering	7050	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Kasumigaura	N3557E14028	Wintering	10266	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
China
Xingkai Hu	N4515E13230	Wintering	50000	-	11	Scott 1989
Gaoyou And Shabo Lakes	N3235E11920	Wintering	7800	1989/90winter	11	AWC
Daxi + Xiaoxi + Chai Shang Lakes	N2927E11250	Wintering	10910	1995/96winter	11	AWC
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	8000	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Vietnam
Tram Chin Nature Reserve	N0940E10540	Wintering	10000	1989/90winter	10	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Common Pochard Aythya ferina

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Palearctic, with a wide breeding distribution at temperate latitudes across Eurasia to southeastern Russia. In Eastern Eurasia, the species breeds in southern Siberia, Mongolia and northwestern China, and winter in Southern, northern Southeastern and Eastern Asia.

Movements

Partially migratory; wintering temperate regions south to subtropics in Eastern Eurasia. The main breeding areas of birds wintering in Southern Asia are situated in Siberia, and those wintering in Southeastern and Eastern Asia originate from eastern Siberia.

Population limits

No discrete populations are identifiable (Perennou et al. 1994) and two wintering groups are recognised in Eastern Eurasia: (1) Southern Asia; and (2) Southeastern and Eastern Asia. This was followed by Rose & Scott (1997) and is adopted here.

Population size

• Central / Southern Asia: 100,000-1,000,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). Provisional numerical criterion 5,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).
• Eastern / Southeastern Asia: 600,000-1,000,000. Provisional numerical criterion 8,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 500,000 in China (Lu 1995); 30,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 170,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters from WPD-EAJ 1997). There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in Southeastern Asia. Based on the information available, a revised total population of 600,000-1,000,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Selenga Delta in Lake Baikal	N5217E10622	Staging	6500	1989-1996autumn	11	Fefelov et al. 1998
Korea, Republic of
Han gang Estuary	N3744E12640	Wintering	15020	1995/96winter	10	AWC
Han gang Middle Basin, Seoul	N3730E12700	Wintering	13939	1991-1996	11	Kim et al. 1996
Nakdong gang Estuary	N3508E12855	Wintering	9338	1994/95winter	8	AWC
Japan
Lake Nakaumi	N3528E13311	Wintering	25417	1996/97winter	1	SB-WBSJ 1998
Lake Biwa-ko	N3515E13605	Wintering	25320	1989,94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Asai-shinden Fish Pond	N3449E13712	Wintering	18200	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Hamana-ko	N3445E13735	Wintering	7074	1997/98winter	11	Shizuoka Pref. unpubl.
Hattachi-ike Reservoir	N3435E13704	Wintering	10000	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount