Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca

Classification

Monotypic. Vulnerable (IUCN 1996, Green 1996).

Distribution

Palearctic, with a fragmented breeding distribution at temperate latitudes (north to about 54°N) in the steppe, desert and southern forest zones from western Europe and northwest Africa across central Asia to western China (Xinjiang and northern Szechuan) and western Mongolia. In Eastern Eurasia, winters in Southern, Southeastern (south to Thailand), and southern China.

Movements

Migratory, breeding in Central Asia to western Mongolia and wintering in Pakistan to southern China.

Population limits

Only one population is recognised in Eastern Eurasia (Perennou et al. 1994) wintering in: (1) Southern / Southeastern / Eastern Asia.

Population size

• Southern / Eastern / Southeastern Asia: 10,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). 1% level 100.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 10,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).

Table of key sites [globally threatened taxa including sites supporting 'appreciable assemblage']

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
China
Lanzhou	N3500E10300	Wintering	16	1994/95winter	11	AWC
Sanxikou Rese.	N2910E10540	Wintering	35	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Caohai Nature Reserve	N2650E10415	Wintering	2000	1992/93winter	5	WSGCOA 1994
Erhai Lake	N2547E10011	Wintering	10	1988/89winter	11	AWC
Bamen Bays	N2000E11030	Wintering	11	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Thailand
Nong Bong Khai	N2015E10003	Wintering	10	1995/96winter	11	AWC
Myanmar
Yit Lake	N2126E09600	Wintering	40	1992/93winter	11	AWC
Minhla-Nyaung Lake	N2050E09602	Wintering	719	1992/93winter	11	AWC
Letme	N2035E09440	Wintering	21	1988/89winter	11	AWC
Inle Lake	N2010E09702	Wintering	121	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Yewai Lake		Wintering	125	1990/91winter	11	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Baer's Pochard Aythya baeri

Classification

Monotypic. Vulnerable (IUCN 1996, Green 1996).

Distribution

Eastern Palearctic, breeding in southern Russian Far East and northeastern China and wintering in southern China, Southeastern Asia south to Thailand and northeastern India.

Movements

Migratory, breeding in temperate latitudes and wintering in lower latitudes.

Population limits

Only one population is recognised, viz. the entire population of the species.

Population size

• Entire population: Eastern / Southeastern Asia: 10,000-20,000 (Callaghan in prep). 1% level 150.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated <25,000 following Perennou et al. (1994). Callaghan (in prep.) estimated 10,000-20,000 based on interpretation of available information and Perennou et al. (1994).

Table of key sites [globally threatened taxa including sites supporting 'appreciable assemblage']

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Lower Tumangan River	N4229E13054	Breeding	70	early 1970s	11	Litvinenko & Shibaev 1996
China
Dongqilihai	N3920E11740	Wintering	80	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Beidagang	N3840E11730	Wintering	200	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Qing Dao	N3610E12010	Wintering	2000	1990/91winter	11	AWC
San Men Xia Reservoir (Swans Nature Reserve)	N3448E11112	Wintering	210	1994/95winter	11	AWC
Heigangkuo (Yellow River Delta)	N3408E11404	Wintering	167	1994/95winter	11	AWC
Jiangsu Coast	N3400E12030	Wintering	1620	1990/91winter	11	AWC
Yancheng Shore	N3330E12015	Wintering	330	1992/93winter	10	AWC
Dongtai Liulishe	N3240E12050	Wintering	64	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Gaoyou And Shabo Lakes	N3235E11920	Wintering	450	1989/90winter	11	AWC
Chen Hu Lake	N3031E11405	Wintering	100	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Hannan Hu (One of the Wuhan Lakes)	N3020E11350	Wintering	140	1989/90winter	11	AWC
Changshou Rese.	N2950E10700	Wintering	81	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Daxi + Xiaoxi + Chai Shang Lakes	N2927E11250	Wintering	213	1995/96winter	11	AWC
East Dongting Hu Nature Reserve	N2911E11225	Wintering	170	1995/96winter	1	Lei & Qian 1998
Sanxikou Rese.	N2910E10540	Wintering	250	1991/92winter	11	AWC
Poyang Lake	N2854E11616	Wintering	200	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Thailand
Beung Khong Long	N1759E10401	Wintering	59	1988/89winter	11	AWC
Nong Nam Khao Non-Hunting Area (Ban Hung Dua)	N1646E10006	Wintering	170	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Beung Boraphet	N1542E10015	Wintering	426	1987/88winter	1	AWC
Myanmar
Yit Lake	N2126E09600	Wintering	90	1989/90winter	11	AWC
Minhla-Nyaung Lake	N2050E09602	Wintering	134	1992/93winter	11	AWC
Mong Pai	N2000E09700	Wintering	150	1994/95winter	11	AWC
Yewai Lake		Wintering	512	1990/91winter	10	AWC

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Palearctic, with a wide breeding distribution across northern Eurasia from Iceland to the Bering Sea, generally between 45°N and 70°N. In Eastern Eurasia, the species breeds widely across Siberia to Russian Far East, and winters in Southern, Southeastern (south to Thailand), and Eastern Asia.

Movements

Partially migratory, the main breeding area of the species wintering in Southeastern and Eastern Asia is situated between eastern Siberia and the Far East.

Population limits

No discrete populations are identifiable (Perennou et al. 1994) and two wintering groups are recognised in Eastern Eurasia: (1) Southern Asia; and (2) Southeastern and Eastern Asia. This was followed by Rose & Scott (1997) and is adopted here.

Population size

• Central / Southern Asia: 100,000-1,000,000 (Perennou et al. 1994). Provisional numerical criterion 5,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994).
• Eastern / Southeastern Asia: 500,000-1,000,000. Provisional numerical criterion 7,500.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 500,000 in China (Lu 1995); 10,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 80,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters from WPD-EAJ 1997). There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in Southeastern Asia. Based on the information available, a revised total population of 500,000-1,000,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Selenga Delta in Lake Baikal	N5217E10622	Staging	6800	1989-1996autumn	11	Fefelov et al. 1998
Korea, Republic of
Nakdong Estuary	N3508E12855	Wintering	11892	1987/88winter	11	AWC
Japan
Lake Nakaumi	N3528E13311	Wintering	23604	1996/97winter	5	SB-WBSJ 1998
Lake Shinji-ko	N3526E13252	Wintering	21062	1996/97winter	5	SB-WBSJ 1998
Lake Biwa-ko	N3515E13605	Wintering	13480	1989,94	11	Abe et al. 1995
China
Xingkai Hu	N4515E13230	Wintering	11000	-	11	Scott 1989
Philippines
Naujan Lake National Park	N1309E12122	Wintering	-	-	11	Custodio, C. pers. comm.

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Greater Scaup Aythya marila

Classification

Polytypic. Two subspecies are generally recognised: the nominate form of northern Europe and northwestern Asia, and mariloides of northeastern Asia and North America. Some authors recognise a third form, nearctica, for North American birds.

Distribution

Holarctic; the most northerly of the Aythya species in summer and winter, breeding at high latitudes across northern Eurasia and North America and wintering south to the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, Eastern Asia and the southern USA. Only the subspecies mariloides occurs in Eastern Eurasia. It breeds in Russian Arctic east of about the Lena Delta and east to Kamchatka, and winters in Eastern Asia.

Movements

Migratory; wintering in coastal area along the Japanese Archipelago, Yellow, East and South China Seas. Several banded birds wintering in Japan have been recovered in the valleys of Indigirka and Kolyma in Russian Far East (BMRCYIO 1985).

Population limits

Only one population is recognised in Eastern Eurasia.

Population size

• Eastern Asia: 200,000-400,000. Provisional numerical criterion 3,000.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000 following Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 5,000 in China (Lu 1995); 20,000-30,000 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 170,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters, WPD-EAJ 1997). The population on spring migration in Kamchatka is estimated as 150,000-180,000 (Gerasimov & Gerasimov 1995a). Based on the information available, a revised total population of 200,000-400,000 is proposed.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Anadyr Lowlands	N6500E17830	Summering	20000	early 1990s	11	Kondratyev 1992
Japan
Notsuke Bay	N4335E14518	Staging	7842	1985-92	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Furen-ko	N4315E14514	Staging	19076	1986-92	11	Abe et al. 1995
Tokyo Bay - Sanbanze Mudflat	N3531E13949	Wintering	100000	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Tokyo Bay, Tokyo Prefecture area	N3531E13949	Wintering	49013	1990-93	11	Abe et al. 1995
Lake Nakaumi	N3528E13311	Wintering	15342	1996/97winter	1	SB-WBSJ 1998
Lake Shinji-ko	N3526E13252	Wintering	17461	1996/97winter	10	SB-WBSJ 1998
Tokyo Bay - Futtsu Sandspit	N3519E13945	Wintering	6585	1990-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
River Yahagi-gawa	N3459E13705	Wintering	4000	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Lake Hamana-ko	N3445E13735	Wintering	5600	1997/98winter	10	Shizuoka Pref. unpubl.
Iwata-ike Reservoir	N3442E13631	Wintering	5800	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Shiokawa Tidalflats	N3441E13717	Wintering	55000	-	11	Scott 1989
Kasaoka Bay	N3429E13328	Wintering	3312	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount
Hakata Bay - Wajiro area	N3336E13015	Wintering	6620	1991-94	11	Abe et al. 1995
Isahaya Bay	N3252E13010	Wintering	18250	1996/97winter	11	EAJcount

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Common Eider Somateria mollissima

Classification

Polytypic. Six subspecies have been described: the nominate form from northwest Europe east to Novaya Zemlya; S.m. faroeensis from the Faroe Islands; S.m. borealis from northeastern Canada through Greenland, Iceland and Svalbard to Franz Josef Land; S.m. v-nigra in northeastern Asia and northwestern North America; S.m. dresseri on the Atlantic coast of North America from Maine to Labrador; and S.m. sedentaria in the Hudson Bay area, Canada.

Distribution

Holarctic, breeding at high latitudes across northern Eurasia and North America and wintering mainly within the breeding range. Only one subspecies occurs in Eastern Eurasia. S.m. v-nigra breeds on Russian Arctic coast from Novosibirski Islands to the coast of the Bering and Okhotsk Sea, Komandorski Islands and Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea coast of Alaska and Beaufort Sea coast east to Victoria Island, Canada. It winters mainly in the Bering Sea coast of Russia and Alaska, USA.

Movements

Partially migratory. The Pacific form, v-nigra, mainly migratory to winter in the Bering Sea coast from the breeding area in northeastern Russia and northwestern North America.

Population limits

Only one population is recognised in Eastern Eurasia, viz. the entire population of the Pacific form, v-nigra.

Population size

• Northwestern North America / Eastern Siberia / Bering Sea: 130,000-200,000 (Callaghan in prep). 1% level 1,700.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 150,000 following Ellis-Joseph et al. (1992). Callaghan (in prep.) estimated 130,000-200,000 based on interpretation of available information, Barry (1986), Hodges & Eldridge (1994), and Martell & Palmisano (1994).

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Southern Coast of Chukot Peninsula	N6430W17500	Wintering	10000	1980s	11	Konyukhov 1998

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

King Eider Somateria spectabilis

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Holarctic, breeding at high latitudes across northern Eurasia and North America and wintering south to Iceland, Norway, Kamchatka, the Aleutian Islands and Newfoundland. In Eastern Eurasia, it breeds on the Arctic coast of Russia and winters in Kamchatka. Formerly common on the Kuril Islands in winter.

Movements

Migratory, breeding on the Arctic coast and wintering at lower latitudes.

Population limits

Rose & Scott (1997) recognised one population in Eastern Asia. It breeds on the Arctic coast of Russia from Taimyr to the Chukot Peninsula and winters on Pacific coast south to Kamchatka.

Population size

• Eastern Asia:
  No estimate is provided by Rose & Scott (1997), and there is no other reliable estimate of the population.

Key sites

No key site was identified from the data obtained.

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Spectacled Eider Somateria fischeri

Classification

Monotypic. Vulnerable (IUCN 1996) / Endangered (Green 1996).

Distribution

Confined to northeastern Eurasia and northwestern North America, breeding on the Arctic Coast of Russia from Lena Delta to Chukot Peninsula and on the coast of Alaska from Yukon - Kuskokwim Delta to Colville Delta, USA, and wintering in Bering Sea.

Movements

Migratory. The precise winter quarters remain unknown but are presumed to be mainly in the Bering Sea migrating from the breeding area.

Population limits

Only one population is recognised, viz. the entire population of the species.

Population size

• Entire population: Eastern Siberia / Alaska: 140,000-160,000 (Callaghan in prep). 1% level 1,500.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 200,000-400,000 following Collar et al. (1994). Callaghan (in prep.) estimated 140,000-160,000 based on interpretation of available information and Larned et al. (1995).

Key sites

No key site was identified from the data obtained.

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri

Classification

Monotypic. Vulnerable (IUCN 1996, Green 1996).

Distribution

Holarctic, breeding on Arctic coasts from the Yamal Peninsula in Russia east to northern Alaska. Birds breeding in northeastern Siberia east of the Khatanga Gulf (100°E) to northern Alaska winter in the southern Bering Sea south to Kuril Islands, while birds breeding west of Khatanga Gulf migrate west to winter in Norwegian and Russian waters and the Baltic.

Movements

Migratory, wintering southern Bering Sea (Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka) and Kuril Islands to the eastern tip of Hokkaido Island, Japan.

Population limits

Only one population is recognised in Eastern Eurasia to Alaska.

Population size

• Eastern Asia / Alaska: 180,000 (Pihl in prep). 1% level 1,800.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000 following Collar et al. (1994). Pihl (in prep.) estimated 180,000.

Table of key sites [globally threatened taxa including sites supporting 'appreciable assemblage']

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Yana-Indigirka Tundra	N7130E14000	Summering	-	-	11	Syroechkovski Jr. & Zockler 1997
Laguna Puutin	N6600W17030	Moulting	4250	1985summer	11	Konyukhov 1998
Laguna Tkachen	N6430W17300	Moulting	755	1985summer	11	Konyukhov 1998

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus

Classification

Polytypic. Two subspecies have been described: the nominate form centred on the North Atlantic, and H. h. pacificus centred on the North Pacific. The validity of pacificus has been questioned, e.g. Madge & Burn (1988).

Distribution

Holarctic, breeding in two widely separated areas: around the North Atlantic in northeast Canada, Greenland and Iceland, and in Eastern Asia and northwestern North America from Lake Baikal eastwards to the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, and south to Colorado, USA. The species winters mainly along seacoasts qadjacent to its breeding range.

Movements

Not truly migratory, in winter most disperses along seacoasts within breeding range. In Eastern Eurasia, breeding in eastern Siberia to Russian Far East and south to northern Honshu Island of Japan,, and wintering in the coastal areas of the Okhotsk, Japan, Yellow, East China seas and Pacific.

Population limits

Only one population is recognised in Eastern Eurasia.

Population size

• Western Pacific: 25,000-100,000 (Rose & Scott 1997). Provisional numerical criterion 500.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 25,000-100,000. The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 1,000 in China (Lu 1995); 100 in the Republic of Korea (Park, J-Y. pers. comm. 1999); and 3,000 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters, WPD-EAJ 1997). There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in the coastal areas of the Russian Far East, so it is difficult to provide any new information on the population size.

Table of key sites

Site	Coordinates	Season	Population/ Count	Period/Date	Importance code	Ref
Russia
Southern Coast of Chukot Peninsula	N6430W17500	Moulting	3500	1985,87summer	11	Konyukhov 1998
Shantar Islands	N5430E13730	Breeding	3000	1991-1992	11	Roslyakov & Roslyakov 1996

Atlas of Key Sites for Anatidae in the East Asian Flyway

Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis

Classification

Monotypic.

Distribution

Holarctic, with an extensive breeding range in the high latitudes across northern Eurasia and North America. The wintering range extends south to Britain, South Carolina and Washington in the USA, and Eastern Asia. In Eastern Eurasia, it breeds in Arctic coast of Russia, and winters in the Far East and Eastern Asia.

Movements

Migratory, wintering at sea in the northern regions; Seas of Okhotsk and Japan, northern Pacific along Kamchatka south to Hokkaido Island, Japan.

Population limits

Only one population is recognised in Eastern Eurasia.

Population size

• Eastern Asia: 500,000-1,000,000. Provisional numerical criterion 7,500.
  Rose & Scott (1997) estimated 100,000-1,000,000, following Perennou et al. (1994). The most up-to-date population estimates or counts in the wintering range are: 5,000 in China (Lu 1995); and 2,500 in Japan (average of 1992/93 - 1996/97 winters, WPD-EAJ 1997). There is no reliable estimate of the population wintering in the Russian Far East. The breeding population in Kamchatka is estimated at 500,000 (Gerasimov 1995). Based on the information available, a revised total population of 500,000-1,000,000 is proposed.

Key sites

No key site was identified from the data obtained.